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Augustów
Town
Netta River in Augustów
Netta River
Water Authority
Water Authority
Augustów Lock of the Augustów Canal
Augustów Canal
Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Jesus
Sacred Heart Basilica
Monument of King Sigismund II Augustus
Sigismund II Monument
Officer Yacht Club
Officer Yacht Club
Coat of arms of Augustów
Coat of arms
Augustów is located in Poland
Augustów
Augustów
Augustów is located in Podlaskie Voivodeship
Augustów
Augustów
Coordinates: 53°50′37″N 22°58′46″E / 53.84361°N 22.97944°E / 53.84361; 22.97944
Country Poland
Voivodeship Podlaskie
CountyAugustów County
GminaAugustów (urban gmina)
First mentioned1496
Established1546
Town rights1557
Named afterSigismund II Augustus
Government
[1]
 • MayorMirosław Karolczuk [pl]
Area
[2]
 • Total
80.90 km2 (31.24 sq mi)
Population
 (30 June 2022)[3][4]
 • Total
29,305
 • Density362/km2 (940/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal codes[5]
16-300 to 16-303
Area code[6]+48 87
Number plates[7]BAU
National roads
Voivodeship roads
Websitehttp://urzad.augustow.pl/

Augustów[a] is a town in north-eastern Poland. It lies on the Netta River and the Augustów Canal. It is the seat of Augustów County and of Gmina Augustów in the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Augustów has an area of 80.90 square kilometres (31.24 square miles),[2] and as of June 2022 it has a population of 29,305.[3]

Situated on the Netta River and six lakes Augustów is a popular summer resort town and a officially recognized spa town in Poland. Founded in the 16th century and named after King Sigismund II Augustus, Augustów is a former royal town and garrison town of Poland, and contains a preserved historic urban layout with a large market square. Its landmarks include the Augustów Canal, an important engineering monument, listed as a Historic Monument of Poland,[11] the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Studzieniczna, a popular regional Christian pilgrimage destination, and several museums.

History

[edit]

Early modern period

[edit]
16th-century seal of Augustów

A settlement in the area was first mentioned in 1496.[citation needed] Augustów was established around 1540 by Bona Sforza and granted Magdeburg rights in 1557 by Sigismund II Augustus,[12] after whom it was also named.[13] It was laid out in a very regular manner, with a spacious market-place.[9] In 1564, Sigismund II Augustus granted Augustów the adjacent settlements of Biernatki, Żarnowo and Turów, which became new suburbs.[14]

Until 1569 Augustów belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania within the Polish–Lithuanian union. In 1569, along with Podlachia, it was returned to the Kingdom of Poland by the Privilege of restoration of Podlasie land to the Polish Crown,[15][16][17] while its cemetery was left in the Grand Duchy,[citation needed] both within the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a result of the Union of Lublin. Augustów was a royal town,[18] located in the Podlaskie Voivodeship in the Lesser Poland Province. Fishing, brewing, tavern keeping and trade were the main occupations of the inhabitants.[14] Tatar invaders destroyed Augustów in 1656, and the second half of the 17th century saw the town afflicted by plague.[citation needed] The Crown's 4th National Cavalry Brigade was stationed in Augustów in 1790.[19]

Late modern period

[edit]

In 1795 Prussia annexed Augustów in the Third Partition of Poland.[citation needed] In 1807, it became part of the Polish Duchy of Warsaw, followed by incorporation into the Russian-controlled Kingdom of Poland in 1815.

It was made a county seat in 1842. The local populace took part in the large Polish January Uprising of 1863–1864 against Russia. Following Russia's full annexation of the Polish kingdom in the 1860s, it was administered from Suwałki.[8] With a population around 9,400 (c. 1875), it carried a large trade in cattle and horses, and manufactured linen and huckaback.[8] Its canal connects the Vistula and Neman rivers and the railway reached the town in 1899, when its population was around 12,800.[9]

During World War I, the Russian Army successfully counterattacked the German Army in the Battle of Augustów, in the lead-up to the better-known Battle of the Vistula River.

President of Poland Ignacy Mościcki during his visit in Augustów in 1932

In the aftermath of World War I, it was a site of fighting during the Battle of Augustów in 1920. Augustów was once again briefly ruled by Lithuania on August 8–28, 1920, for the first time since the 16th century. It was eventually restored to Poland, and formed part of the Białystok Voivodeship.

In 1921, the Polish 1st Krechowce Uhlan Regiment, which previously fought in the First World War and the Polish–Soviet War, was relocated from Hrubieszów to Augustów.[20] In 1921, Marshal Józef Piłsudski conducted an inspection at the garrison in Augustów.[20]

World War II

[edit]

Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in September 1939, Augustów was occupied by the Soviet Union until 1941. Many inhabitants were sent to exile in Kazakhstan, from where some were able to return after 6 years. Around a dozen Poles who were either born or lived and worked in Augustów were murdered by the Russians in the Katyn massacre in 1940.[21][22][23][24]

Memorial to victims of the 1941 NKVD prisoner massacre

On June 22, 1941, just before the Germans captured the town, the Soviets murdered around 30–34 Polish prisoners in Augustów as part of the NKVD prisoner massacres.[25] The Nazi German forces occupied Augustów until 1944, and operated a forced labour camp in the town.[26]

World War II brought the destruction of about 70% of the town and death or departure of most of its residents, amongst them a community of several thousand Jews who were imprisoned in the ghetto situated between the canal and the river. The Germans executed practically all of them before they left.

Post-war period

[edit]

In July 1945, the Soviets conducted the nearby Augustów roundup – a special operation against former Armia Krajowa anticommunist fighters.[27] They are presumed to have been executed and buried in an unknown location in present-day Russia or Belarus.[28] Polish Institute of National Remembrance has declared the 1945 Augustów roundup "the largest crime committed by the Soviets on Polish lands after World War II".[27]

After the war, the recreational base of the city was further expanded. In 1946, the city had 7.2 thousand inhabitants. In 1954, several rural settlements were excluded from the city area, but in 1973, the city expanded to include several villages, forests and six lakes.[29] In the years 1975–1998, the city was located in the Suwałki Voivodeship.

In 1999, the city became part of newly created Podlaskie Voivodeship, and the seat of the Augustów district and the Augustów urban gmina.

Demographics

[edit]

2002 – 29,705 inhabitants, by nationality:[30]

  • Poles – 96.5% (28,668);
  • Russians – 0.2% (64);
  • Roma people – 0.1% (41);
  • Other – 3.1% (932).

1921 – 8,762 inhabitants, by nationality:[31]

  • Poles – 76.6% (6,715);
  • Jews – 22.4% (1,962);
  • Russians – 0.6% (51);
  • Belarusians – 0.1% (8);
  • Germans – 0.1% (6);
  • Other – 0.2% (20).

1897 – 12,743 inhabitants, by language:[32]

  • Polish – 46.2% (5,882);
  • Jewish – 28.5% (3,630);
  • Russian – 18.7% (2,381);
  • Belarusian – 2.8% (357);
  • Mari – 1.2% (156);
  • German – 1.0% (131);
  • Tatar – 0.9% (117);
  • Lithuanian – 0.2% (20);
  • Other – 0.5% (69).

Transport

[edit]

Rail transport

[edit]
Railway station

Railway line 40 (Sokółka–Suwałki) passes through the town. Augustów has a railway station.

Road transport

[edit]

National roads 8 (Kudowa-Zdrój–Budzisko), 16 (Dolna Grupa–Ogrodniki and 61 (Warsaw–Augustów), as well as voivodeship roads 664 (Augustów–Lipszczany) and 672 (Augustów–Suwałki) pass through the town.

Augustów ring road controversy

The construction of the Augustów bypass called Via Baltica, through the wetlands of the Rospuda Valley, attracted great controversy in 2007. The work was halted after the European Commission applied for an immediate injunction.[33]

Tourism

[edit]
Largest lakes of Augustów: Necko, Białe Augustowskie, Studzieniczne, Sajno

The town, although small, has many attractions for the visitors. Oficerski Yacht Club Hotel, built in the 1930s, is an army yacht club that has been restored and converted into a resort.[34] It is located on the edge of one of many lakes in the region. Pope John Paul II has a memorial chair from the first and last time he visited the town right outside the club. Boat tours are also popular and the old town square still has its original cobblestone streets.

Every year hundreds of bikers come to Augustowskie Motonoce bikers festival.[35][36] Bands that over years participated in celebration include Bright Ophidia [pl], AGE, ZZ Top Czech Revival Band, AC/DC Show Ukraina, Kraków Street Band, etc.

Cuisine

[edit]

Among the popular traditional dishes of north-eastern Poland, including Augustów, are kartacze and potato babka. Popular regional cakes are sękacz and mrowisko (lit. transl. "anthill"). Officially protected traditional foods from Augustów and its surroundings include the Augustów honey (miód augustowski) which comes in several variants,[37] and augustowska jagodzianka, a local yeast roll stuffed with blueberries and topped with streusel, a popular dessert.[38]

Sports

[edit]

The main sports club of the town is Sparta Augustów [pl] with football and canoeing sections.

International relations

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]

Augustów is twinned with:[39]

  • Lithuania Druskininkai, Lithuania (2007)
  • Italy Porto Ceresio, Italy (2003)
  • Ukraine Rudky, Ukraine (2011)
  • Poland Supraśl, Poland (2012)
  • Finland Tuusula, Finland (1996)
Former twin towns
  • Belarus Grodno, Belarus (2008–2022)
  • Belarus Slonim, Belarus (2013–2022)

On 7 March 2022, partnership with Belarusian cities was terminated due to Belarus's involvement in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[40]

Notable residents

[edit]
  • Edyta Dzieniszewska (born 1986), sprint canoer
  • Joanna Fiodorow (born 1989), hammer thrower
  • Jan Jaworowski (1923–2013), mathematician
  • Zbigniew Kundzewicz (born 1950), hydrologist and climatologist
  • Emil Leon Post (1897–1954), mathematician and logician
  • Andrzej Sobolewski (born 1951), physicist
  • Rose Pastor Stokes (1879–1933) American socialist activist, writer, birth control advocate, and feminist.
  • Adam Wysocki (born 1974), sprint canoer
  • Marek Zalewski (born 1963), archbishop

See also

[edit]
  • Augustów Canal

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Polish: [au̯ˈɡustuf] ⓘ (formerly known in English as Augustovo[8] or Augustowo;[9] Lithuanian: Augustavas;[10] Yiddish: אױגוסטאװע, romanized: Ogustove

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "Burmistrz Miasta Augustowa". bip.um.augustow.pl (in Polish). Urząd Miejski w Augustowie. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b "Local Data Bank". bdl.stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. Retrieved 6 March 2023. Category K1, group G441, subgroup P1410. Data for territorial unit 2001011.
  3. ^ a b "Local Data Bank". bdl.stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. Retrieved 6 March 2023. Category K3, group G7, subgroup P1336. Data for territorial unit 2001011.
  4. ^ "Local Data Bank". bdl.stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. Retrieved 6 March 2023. Category K3, group G7, subgroup P2425. Data for territorial unit 2001011.
  5. ^ "Oficjalny Spis Pocztowych Numerów Adresowych" (PDF). poczta-polska.pl (in Polish). Poczta Polska. pp. 8, 1655. Retrieved 20 February 2023.
  6. ^ Rozporządzenie Ministra Administracji i Cyfryzacji z dnia 30 października 2013 r. w sprawie planu numeracji krajowej dla publicznych sieci telekomunikacyjnych, w których świadczone są publicznie dostępne usługi telefoniczne, Dz. U., 2013, No. 1281 (2013-10-30)
  7. ^ Rozporządzenie Ministra Infrastruktury z dnia 31 sierpnia 2022 r. w sprawie rejestracji i oznaczania pojazdów, wymagań dla tablic rejestracyjnych oraz wzorów innych dokumentów związanych z rejestracją pojazdów, Dz. U., 2022, No. 1847 (2022-08-31)
  8. ^ a b c This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Augustovo" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 79.
  9. ^ a b c Wikisource One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Augustowo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 911.
  10. ^ VLKK 2002.
  11. ^ Rozporządzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 25 kwietnia 2007 r. w sprawie uznania za pomnik historii "Kanał Augustowski", Dz. U., 2007, vol. 86, No. 572
  12. ^ Jarmolik, Włodzimierz (1982). "Rozwój niemieckiego prawa miejskiego na Podlasiu do Unii Lubelskiej 1569 roku" (PDF). Przegląd Historyczny (in Polish). 73 (1–2). University of Warsaw: 29. ISSN 0033-2186.
  13. ^ Everett-Heath, John (2014). The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780199580897.
  14. ^ a b Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich (in Polish). Vol. I. Warszawa. 1880. p. 53.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ Volumina legum (in Polish). Vol. II. Petersburg. 1859. p. 77.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ Gloger, Zygmunt (1900). Geografia historyczna ziem dawnej Polski (in Polish). Kraków. p. 203.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ^ Jarmolik 1982, pp. 25–26, 30.
  18. ^ Jarmolik 1982, p. 29.
  19. ^ Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. p. 8.
  20. ^ a b Litewski, Jan; Dziewanowski, Władysław (1932). Dzieje Pierwszego Pułku Ułanów Krechowieckich (in Polish). Warszawa: Wojskowe Biuro Historyczne. p. 404.
  21. ^ Tucholski, Jędrzej, ed. (2003). Charków. Księga Cmentarna Polskiego Cmentarza Wojennego (PDF) (in Polish). Warszawa: Rada Ochrony Pamięci Miejsc Walk i Męczeństwa. pp. 19, 45, 112, 175, 244. ISBN 83-916663-5-2.
  22. ^ Tarczyński, Marek, ed. (2000). Katyń. Księga Cmentarna Polskiego Cmentarza Wojennego (PDF) (in Polish). Warszawa: Rada Ochrony Pamięci Miejsc Walk i Męczeństwa. pp. 135, 141, 542, 625, 640. ISBN 83-905590-7-2.
  23. ^ Jakubowski, Grzegorz, ed. (2006). Miednoje. Księga Cmentarna Polskiego Cmentarza Wojennego (PDF) (in Polish). Vol. 1. Warszawa: Rada Ochrony Pamięci Miejsc Walk i Męczeństwa. p. 197. ISBN 83-89474-06-9.
  24. ^ Jakubowski, Grzegorz, ed. (2006). Miednoje. Księga Cmentarna Polskiego Cmentarza Wojennego (PDF) (in Polish). Vol. 2. Warszawa: Rada Ochrony Pamięci Miejsc Walk i Męczeństwa. pp. 787, 1044. ISBN 83-89474-06-9.
  25. ^ Popiński, Krzysztof; Кокурин, Александр; Гурьянов, Александр (1995). Drogi śmierci: ewakuacja więzień sowieckich z Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej w czerwcu i lipcu 1941 (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Karta. ISBN 9788390067698. OCLC 34528750.
  26. ^ "Straf- bzw. Arbeitserziehungslager Augustów". bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  27. ^ a b (in Polish) Konferencja IPN "60. rocznica obławy augustowskiej." (IPN Conference: 60th Anniversary of the Augustów roundup) Archived July 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 20 July 2005
  28. ^ "Satelita namierzył groby ofiar Obławy Augustowskiej?". 13 July 2015.
  29. ^ Darmochwał 2003, pp. 86–92.
  30. ^ "(Polish Census of 2002) Deklaracje narodowościowe w gminach w 2002 roku". old.stat.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  31. ^ "Powiat Augustów". (Polish Census of 1921, Białystok Voivodeship) Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej opracowany na podstawie wyników Pierwszego Powszechnego Spisu Ludności z dn. 30 września 1921 r. i innych źródeł urzędowych, Vol. 5, Województwo Białostockie (PDF) (in Polish). Statistics Poland. 1924. p. 1.
  32. ^ "Russian Empire Census of 1897". demoscope.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  33. ^ Mardell, Mark (31 August 2007). "Poland mired in wetlands row". BBC. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  34. ^ "Hotel". www.wdw.pl (in Polish). Oficerski Yacht Club. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  35. ^ "Augustowskie MotoNoce 2018 Official video". YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  36. ^ "X Augustowskie MotoNoce 2018" (in Polish). Mototour. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  37. ^ "Miód augustowski". gov.pl/web/rolnictwo (in Polish). Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  38. ^ "Augustowska jagodzianka". gov.pl/web/rolnictwo (in Polish). Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  39. ^ "Miasta partnerskie". urzad.augustow.pl (in Polish). Urząd Miejski w Augustowie. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  40. ^ "Augustów zerwał współpracę z białoruskimi miastami". radio5.com.pl (in Polish). Radio 5. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Darmochwał, Tomasz (2003). Północne Podlasie, wschodnie Mazowsze (in Polish). Warszawa: Agencja „TD” – Wydawnictwo Turystyczne. ISBN 83-911266-3-3.
  • VLKK (2002). "Atvirkštinis lietuvių kalboje vartojamų tradicinių Lenkijos vietovardžių formų sąrašas" (PDF). VLKK (in Lithuanian).
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons logo
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Augustów.
  • Official website (in Polish)
  • Jewish community of Augustów on Virtual Shtetl

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