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Nefiracetam
Clinical data
Routes of; administration	Oral
ATC code	none;
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only); US: Unscheduled;
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life	3-5 hours
Identifiers
	IUPAC name N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide;
CAS Number	77191-36-7 ;
PubChem CID	71157;
ChemSpider	64299 ;
UNII	1JK12GX30N;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL260829 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2020923 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.163.910
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C14H18N2O2
Molar mass	246.310 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES O=C2N(CC(=O)Nc1c(cccc1C)C)CCC2;
	InChI InChI=1S/C14H18N2O2/c1-10-5-3-6-11(2)14(10)15-12(17)9-16-8-4-7-13(16)18/h3,5-6H,4,7-9H2,1-2H3,(H,15,17) ; Key:NGHTXZCKLWZPGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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Nefiracetam is a nootropic drug of the racetam family. Preliminary research suggests that it may possess certain antidementia properties in rats.^[2]

Effects

Nefiracetam's cytoprotective actions are mediated by enhancement of GABAergic, cholinergic, and monoaminergic neuronal systems.^{[citation needed]} Preliminary studies suggest that it improves apathy and motivation in post-stroke patients. It may also exhibit antiamnesia effects for the Alzheimer's type and cerebrovascular type of dementia.^[3]^[4] In addition, research in animal models suggests antiamnesic effects against a number of memory impairing substances, including: ethanol, chlorodiazepoxide, scopolamine, bicuculline, picrotoxin, and cycloheximide.^[5]

Pharmacology

Unlike other racetams, nefiracetam shows high affinity for the GABA_A receptor (IC₅₀ = 8.5 nM), where it is presumed to be an agonist.^[6]^[7] It was able to potently inhibit 80% of muscimol binding to the GABA_A receptor, although it failed to displace the remaining 20% of specific muscimol binding.^[6]^[7] Nefiracetam is able to reverse the amnesia caused by the GABA_A receptor antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline in mice, although it failed to prevent seizures induced by these drugs.^[7]

Concerns

Studies of long-term consumption of nefiracetam in humans and primates have shown it to have no toxicity.^[8]^[9] However, animals which metabolize nefiracetam differently from humans and primates are at risk for renal and testicular^[10]^[11] toxicity. Dogs especially are particularly sensitive, which has been shown to be caused by a specific metabolite, M-18 which isn't formed in humans.^[12] Higher doses than those in dogs were needed to cause testicular toxicity in rats, although no toxicity was seen in monkeys. Additionally, there has been no evidence of toxicity during clinical trials.^[8]^[9]

References

^ Fujimaki Y, Sudo K, Hakusui H, Tachizawa H, Murasaki M (September 1992). "Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of nefiracetam, a new nootropic agent, in healthy volunteers". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 44 (9): 750–754. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb05513.x. PMID 1360528. S2CID 25913554.
^ Murphy KJ, Foley AG, O'connell AW, Regan CM (January 2006). "Chronic exposure of rats to cognition enhancing drugs produces a neuroplastic response identical to that obtained by complex environment rearing". Neuropsychopharmacology. 31 (1): 90–100. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300810. PMID 15988469.
^ Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Clarence-Smith K, Starkstein S (2009). "Double-blind treatment of apathy in patients with poststroke depression using nefiracetam". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 21 (2): 144–151. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21.2.144. PMID 19622685.
^ Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Clarence-Smith K (2008). "Double-blind randomized treatment of poststroke depression using nefiracetam". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 20 (2): 178–184. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20.2.178. PMID 18451188.
^ Hiramatsu M, Shiotani T, Kameyama T, Nabeshima T (February 1997). "Effects of nefiracetam on amnesia animal models with neuronal dysfunctions". Behavioural Brain Research. 83 (1–2): 107–115. doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)86053-6. PMID 9062668. S2CID 4045550.
^ ^a ^b Gouliaev AH, Senning A (May 1994). "Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics". Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 19 (2): 180–222. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)90011-6. PMID 8061686. S2CID 18122566.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nabeshima T, Noda Y, Tohyama K, Itoh J, Kameyama T (March 1990). "Effects of DM-9384 in a model of amnesia based on animals with GABAergic neuronal dysfunctions". European Journal of Pharmacology. 178 (2): 143–149. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(90)90469-m. PMID 2328758.
^ ^a ^b Murasaki M, Inami M, Ishigooka J, Watanabe H, Utsumi M, Matsumoto T, et al. (1994). "Phase I study on DM-9384 (nefiracetam)". Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. 22: 3539–3587.
^ ^a ^b Otomo E, Kogure K, Hirai S, Goto F, Hasegawa K, Tazaki Y, et al. (1994). "Clinical evaluation of DM-9384 in the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders: early phase II study". Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. (22): 3589–3624.
^ Shimada M, Shikanai Y, Shimomura K, Harada S, Watanabe G, Taya K, et al. (August 2003). "Investigation of testicular toxicity of nefiracetam, a neurotransmission enhancer, in rats". Toxicology Letters. 143 (3): 307–315. doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00197-8. PMID 12849691.
^ Shimomura K, Shimada M, Hagiwara M, Harada S, Kato M, Furuhama K (May 2004). "Testicular toxicity induced in dogs by nefiracetam, a neutrotransmission enhancer". Reproductive Toxicology. 18 (3): 423–430. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.01.008. PMID 15082078.
^ Goto K, Ishii Y, Jindo T, Furuhama K (March 2003). "Effect of nefiracetam, a neurotransmission enhancer, on primary uroepithelial cells of the canine urinary bladder". Toxicological Sciences. 72 (1): 164–170. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfg010. PMID 12604846.

[1] Fujimaki Y, Sudo K, Hakusui H, Tachizawa H, Murasaki M (September 1992). "Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of nefiracetam, a new nootropic agent, in healthy volunteers". The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 44 (9): 750–754. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1992.tb05513.x. PMID 1360528. S2CID 25913554.

[NPP2005-2] Murphy KJ, Foley AG, O'connell AW, Regan CM (January 2006). "Chronic exposure of rats to cognition enhancing drugs produces a neuroplastic response identical to that obtained by complex environment rearing". Neuropsychopharmacology. 31 (1): 90–100. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300810. PMID 15988469.

[3] Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Clarence-Smith K, Starkstein S (2009). "Double-blind treatment of apathy in patients with poststroke depression using nefiracetam". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 21 (2): 144–151. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.21.2.144. PMID 19622685.

[4] Robinson RG, Jorge RE, Clarence-Smith K (2008). "Double-blind randomized treatment of poststroke depression using nefiracetam". The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 20 (2): 178–184. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20.2.178. PMID 18451188.

[Effects_of_nefiracetam_on_amnesia_animal_models_with_neuronal_dysfunctions-5] Hiramatsu M, Shiotani T, Kameyama T, Nabeshima T (February 1997). "Effects of nefiracetam on amnesia animal models with neuronal dysfunctions". Behavioural Brain Research. 83 (1–2): 107–115. doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)86053-6. PMID 9062668. S2CID 4045550.

[pmid8061686-6] Gouliaev AH, Senning A (May 1994). "Piracetam and other structurally related nootropics". Brain Research. Brain Research Reviews. 19 (2): 180–222. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(94)90011-6. PMID 8061686. S2CID 18122566.

[pmid2328758-7] Nabeshima T, Noda Y, Tohyama K, Itoh J, Kameyama T (March 1990). "Effects of DM-9384 in a model of amnesia based on animals with GABAergic neuronal dysfunctions". European Journal of Pharmacology. 178 (2): 143–149. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(90)90469-m. PMID 2328758.

[Murasaki_1994-8] Murasaki M, Inami M, Ishigooka J, Watanabe H, Utsumi M, Matsumoto T, et al. (1994). "Phase I study on DM-9384 (nefiracetam)". Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. 22: 3539–3587.

[Otomo_1994_2-9] Otomo E, Kogure K, Hirai S, Goto F, Hasegawa K, Tazaki Y, et al. (1994). "Clinical evaluation of DM-9384 in the treatment of cerebrovascular disorders: early phase II study". Jpn. Pharmacol. Ther. (22): 3589–3624.

[10] Shimada M, Shikanai Y, Shimomura K, Harada S, Watanabe G, Taya K, et al. (August 2003). "Investigation of testicular toxicity of nefiracetam, a neurotransmission enhancer, in rats". Toxicology Letters. 143 (3): 307–315. doi:10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00197-8. PMID 12849691.

[Shimomura-11] Shimomura K, Shimada M, Hagiwara M, Harada S, Kato M, Furuhama K (May 2004). "Testicular toxicity induced in dogs by nefiracetam, a neutrotransmission enhancer". Reproductive Toxicology. 18 (3): 423–430. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2004.01.008. PMID 15082078.

[Goto-12] Goto K, Ishii Y, Jindo T, Furuhama K (March 2003). "Effect of nefiracetam, a neurotransmission enhancer, on primary uroepithelial cells of the canine urinary bladder". Toxicological Sciences. 72 (1): 164–170. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfg010. PMID 12604846.

v t e Racetams
Racetams	Nootropics: Aniracetam Coluracetam Dimiracetam Doliracetam Dupracetam Fasoracetam Imuracetam Nebracetam Nefiracetam Nicoracetam Oxiracetam Piperacetam Piracetam Plosaracetam Pramiracetam Rolipram Rolziracetam Anticonvulsants: Brivaracetam Etiracetam Levetiracetam Seletracetam
Phenylpiracetams	Nootropics and/or stimulants: Cebaracetam Methylphenylpiracetam E1R ((4R,5S)-methylphenylpiracetam) Phenylpiracetam (phenotropil; fonturacetam) MRZ-9547 ((R)-phenylpiracetam) (S)-Phenylpiracetam RGPU-95 (chlorophenylpiracetam) Anticonvulsants: Phenylpiracetam hydrazide
Racetam-like	Nootropics: Aloracetam Molracetam Omberacetam (Noopept) Tenilsetam Traneurocin (cycloprolylglycine; NA-831) Anticonvulsants: Padsevonil

Kommunal.az

Effects

Pharmacology

Concerns

See also

References

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Clinical data


Routes of administration	Oral
ATC code	none
Legal status
Legal status	AU: S4 (Prescription only) US: Unscheduled
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life	3-5 hours^[1]
Identifiers
IUPAC name N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide
CAS Number	77191-36-7^N
PubChem CID	71157
ChemSpider	64299^Y
UNII	1JK12GX30N
ChEMBL	ChEMBL260829^Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2020923
ECHA InfoCard	100.163.910
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₄H₁₈N₂O₂
Molar mass	246.310 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES O=C2N(CC(=O)Nc1c(cccc1C)C)CCC2
InChI InChI=1S/C14H18N2O2/c1-10-5-3-6-11(2)14(10)15-12(17)9-16-8-4-7-13(16)18/h3,5-6H,4,7-9H2,1-2H3,(H,15,17)^Y Key:NGHTXZCKLWZPGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y
^NY (what is this?) (verify)